3. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

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In 1977, Yalow was awarded the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay. The technique involved isolating target antibodies and measuring the radioactivity. Concentrations of the substance being tested like insulin in the blood can then be calculated.
Yalow graduated from Hunter College in 1941 after having studied stenography. Following graduation, she was offered a teaching assistantship in physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She went on to receive her PhD in 1945.