Heartburn is one of the most common reasons for people to see a doctor, and some physicians often use upper endoscopy to diagnose and manage gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, most patients do not require the procedure unless other serious symptoms are present, according to the American College of Physicians (ACP) Clinical Guidelines Committee in a new evidence-based clinical policy paper published today in Annals of Internal Medicine. “The evidence indicates that upper endoscopy is indicated in patients with heartburn only when accompanied by other serious symptoms such as difficult or painful swallowing, bleeding, anemia, weight loss or recurrent vomiting,” said David L. Bronson, MD, FACP, president, ACP. “The procedure is not an appropriate first step for most patients with heartburn.”
ACP advises that screening with upper endoscopy should not be routinely performed in women of any age or in men under the age of 50 with heartburn because the incidence of cancer is very low in these populations. Upper endoscopy is indicated in patients with heartburn who are unresponsive to medicine (proton pump inhibitors) to reduce gastric acid production for a period of four to eight weeks or who have a history of narrowing or tightening of the esophagus with recurrent difficult or painful swallowing.
Screening with upper endoscopy may be indicated in men over 50 with multiple risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus, which include heartburn for more than five years, nocturnal reflux symptoms, hiatal hernia, elevated body mass index, tobacco use, and fat within the abdominal cavity. If an initial screening exam is negative for Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal cancer, recurrent periodic upper endoscopy is not indicated. Among patients found to have Barrett’s esophagus, upper endoscopy is indicated every three to five years. More frequent endoscopic examinations are reserved for patients with low or high-grade dysplasia because of the higher risk of progression to cancer.
Physicians should utilize education strategies to inform patients about current and effective standards of care. Medicine to reduce gastric acid production is warranted in most patients with typical GERD symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. “Inappropriate use of upper endoscopy does not improve the health of patients, exposes them to preventable harms, may lead to additional unnecessary interventions, and results in unnecessary costs with no benefit,” said Dr. Bronson.
Factors that contribute to overuse of upper endoscopy include differing recommendations from professional medical organizations, medico-legal liability concerns and patient and caregiver expectations. Unnecessary costs include the procedure itself (excess of $800 per exam) when it is not indicated and downstream costs of unnecessary follow-up tests because of an original misdiagnosis. Upper Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux: Best Practice Advice from the American College of Physicians and a corresponding patient summary appear in the December 4 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, published by ACP.
