An international research project with the involvement of Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the Animal Health Research Centre (IRTA-CReSA), has designed a vaccine shown to be effective in protecting dromedaries against the coronavirus (CoV) that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This vaccine may reduce animal-to-animal and animal-to-human infections by significantly reducing nasal excretion of the virus, and could be also tested for the protection of persons at greater risk of infection by the virus.
The present research, coordinated by the Erasmus Medical Centre (Rotterdam, Netherlands) and published in Science, was Joaquim Segalés, lecturer in the Department of Animal Health and Anatomy at the UAB and researcher assigned to IRTA, Albert Bensaid, IRTA researcher, and David Solanes, head of the Biocontainment Unit at IRTA-CReSA, together with the technical staff at the Biocontainment Unit.
Dromedaries and other camels act as reservoirs for MERS-CoV, a coronavirus that lodges in their upper respiratory tracts: nose, larynx, pharynx and trachea. The animals usually develop a mild infection, which in some cases causes abundant mucus production, and are usually carriers of the virus, making them a high risk of infection for both animals and humans. Zoonotic transmission (from animals to humans) seems to be through the animals’ nasal secretions, involving contact or aerogenous dissemination. A number of cases of MERS in humans have been attributed to human-to-human transmission. Although the symptoms of the illness can be those of a common cold, it is highly dangerous, leading to death in 35 percent of cases.
The researchers used eight dromedaries (four vaccinated and four unvaccinated) to test the protective efficacy of MVA-S, a modified vaccine based on the orthopoxvirus virus Vaccinia Virus Ankara, which expresses the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein – regarded as a key to neutralize coronaviruses.
The results show that the vaccine is able to protect the animals at the level of the upper respiratory tract. Compared to the control (unvaccinated) dromedaries, those that were vaccinated and subsequently infected with MERS-CoV showed a significant reduction in viruses excreted from the respiratory tract. The protection was also demonstrated by the presence of antibodies that were able to neutralise the virus, by preventing its replication, in the serum of the vaccinated animals and in their nasal cavities. None of the vaccinated animals developed clinical signs associated with infection on being inoculated with the virus. Only the control animals developed cold-like signs, with increased nasal mucus secretion.
The results obtained indicate that vaccination with MVA-S would serve mainly to reduce excretion of the virus and therefore its propagation.
Furthermore, the researchers believe that vaccinating the youngest dromedaries could significantly reduce excretion of the virus, since these individuals excrete larger quantities of MERS-CoV than adults, which suggests they should be vaccinated first. The researchers also note that the vaccine based on MVA-S could also be tested on persons at higher risk of being infected by the virus, such as hospital workers and those in regular contact with dromedaries.
However, taking into account that mucus immunity is usually a short-term effect, further studies are needed to determine the duration of the protection afforded by the vaccine.
“It could be that total protection against MERS-coronavirus will never be attained, since there is low-level virus replication in the upper respiratory tract even in the presence of specific antibodies, similarly to other respiratory viruses, like the SARS coronavirus”, explains Joaquim Segalés. “This is nonetheless a very significant step forward in the fight against this pathogen; now we need to delve more deeply into the duration of the immunity and dosage before applying it in real situations”.
Finally, the study highlights a possible dual use of MVA-S. On using the orthopoxvirus Vaccinia Virus Ankara as a vector, this virus is able to induce cross-protection, so that, on generating specific MVA antibodies, the latter can also neutralise camelpox, another orthopoxvirus that frequently affects dromedaries and other camels, causing generalised infections and skin lesions.
Trials with Dromedaries from the Canaries at the UAB
The study was made with eight dromedaries from the Canary Islands, at the IRTA-CReSA Biocontainment Unit, on the UAB campus. Four were treated with MVA-S and four more were used as controls. The animals were studied over ten weeks in the same unit: one week of acclimatisation, two separate vaccinations over four weeks, inoculation with MERS-CoV three weeks after the first vaccination, then two weeks of post-infection clinical monitoring and finally the necropsy of the animals.
MERS-CoV Infection in Humans
MERS-CoV is a virus that is transmitted from animals to humans, isolated for the first time in 2012 in Saudi Arabia in a 60 year-old man. It belongs to the coronavirus family and causes MERS, which is usually characterised by fever, coughing and respiratory problems, though it can also lead to pneumonia. Its mortality rate is 35%.
Since 2012 there have been several outbreaks of MERS in humans, mainly in Middle-East countries and South Korea. To date, according to the World Health Organization, 1,621 cases have been confirmed in the laboratory in 26 different countries, including 584 deaths.
Previous studies indicate that the camelids are a large reservoir for MERS-CoV; it is also thought, though not yet proven, that bats could be one of the first links in the chain of transmission of the virus.
However, most cases of MERS in humans have been attributed to human-to-human transmission. Transmission is not easy, because in humans the virus infects the deepest parts of the lung, and very direct contact is needed, with a lack of suitable protection, or dispersion through artificial respiration. Among the places where most inter-human infections occur are hospitals.
So far, no drug or vaccine has become available to treat MERS-CoV infection.
