Neuroscientists revealed a new way of mapping the brain at the resolution of individual neurons, which they successfully demonstrated in the mouse brain.
The new multiplexed analysis of projections by sequencing (MAPseq) method makes it possible in a single experiment to trace the long-range projections of large numbers of individual neurons from a specific region or regions to wherever they lead in the brain – in experiments that are many times less expensive, labor-intensive and time-consuming than current mapping technologies allow. The research was published in the journal Neuron.
Although a number of important brain-mapping projects are now under way, all of these efforts to obtain “connectomes,” or wiring maps, rely on microscopes and related optical equipment to trace the myriad thread-like projections that link neurons to other neurons, near and far. For the first time ever, MAPseq “converts the task of brain mapping into one of RNA sequencing,” said its inventor, Dr. Anthony Zador, a professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
“The RNA sequences, or ‘barcodes,’ that we deliver to individual neurons are unmistakably unique,” Zador explains, “and this enables us to determine if individual neurons, as opposed to entire regions, are tailored to specific targets.”
MAPseq differs from so-called “bulk tracing” methods now in common use, in which a marker – typically a fluorescent protein – is expressed by neurons and carried along their axons.
Those markers are good at determining all of the regions where neurons in the source region project, but they cannot tell scientists that any two neurons in the source region project to the same region, to different regions, or to some of the same regions, and some different ones. That inability to resolve a neuron’s axonal destinations, cell by cell in a given region, is what motivated Zador to come up with a new technique.
One way of explaining the advantage of MAPseq over bulk tracing methods is to imagine being at an international airport, with the intention of getting on a flight to, say, Germany. “If you go to the international terminal, you see a long line of ticket counters,” Zador said. “If you want to go to Germany, it’s not enough to take any airline at the international terminal. If you stand in line at the counter for Air Chile, you’re probably not going to be able to buy a ticket for Germany.”
“Those many airlines whose counters are adjacent serve many destinations, some of which overlap, some of which are unique,” said Zador. “You can print out a map showing all of the foreign countries that all of the airlines serve from your airport, but that doesn’t tell you anything at all about individual airlines and where they go. This is the difference between current labeling methods and MAPseq. The ‘individual airlines’ in my example are adjacent neurons in a part of the brain whose ‘routes’ we want to trace.”
Zador and his team have spent years working out a technology that enables them to assign unique barcode-like identifiers to large numbers of individual neurons through a single injection in any brain region of interest.
The new method, called MAPseq, makes it possible to trace the long-range projections of large numbers of individual neurons.
Each injection consists of a deactivated virus engineered to contain massive pools of individually unique RNA molecules, each of whose sequence – consisting of 30 “letters,” or nucleotides – is taken up by single neurons. Thirty letters yields many, many times more barcode sequences (1018) than there are neurons in either the mouse or human brain.
The barcode RNA is transported into the terminals of axons in the source region where the injection is made. In each neuron, it travels to the point where the axon forms a synapse with a projection from another neuron. About two days after one or more injections are made, the brain is dissected and RNA is collected and sequenced. RNA barcodes in the “source” area are now matched with the same barcodes collected in distant parts of the brain.
Zador’s next goal with MAPseq is to map the brains of animals that model various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric illnesses, to see how gene mutations strongly associated with causality alter the structure of brain circuits, and thus, presumably, brain function.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
cshl.edu
