Nanotechnology offers powerful new possibilities for
targeted cancer therapies, but the design challenges are many. Northwestern University scientists now are the first
to develop a simple but specialized nanoparticle that can deliver a drug
directly to a cancer cell’s nucleus — an important feature for effective
treatment.

They also are the first to directly image at nanoscale
dimensions how nanoparticles interact with a cancer cell’s nucleus.

“Our drug-loaded gold nanostars are tiny
hitchhikers,” said Teri W. Odom, who led the study of human cervical and
ovarian cancer cells. “They are attracted to a protein on the cancer
cell’s surface that conveniently shuttles the nanostars to the cell’s nucleus.
Then, on the nucleus’ doorstep, the nanostars release the drug, which continues
into the nucleus to do its work.”

Odom is the Board of Lady Managers of the Columbian
Exposition Professor of Chemistry in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences
and a professor of materials science and engineering in the McCormick School of
Engineering and Applied Science.

Using electron microscopy, Odom and her team found their
drug-loaded nanoparticles dramatically change the shape of the cancer cell
nucleus. What begins as a nice, smooth ellipsoid becomes an uneven shape with
deep folds. They also discovered that this change in shape after drug release
was connected to cells dying and the cell population becoming less viable —
both positive outcomes when dealing with cancer cells.

The results are published in the journal ACS Nano.

Since this initial research, the researchers have gone on to
study effects of the drug-loaded gold nanostars on 12 other human cancer cell
lines. The effect was much the same. “All cancer cells seem to respond
similarly,” Odom said. “This suggests that the shuttling capabilities
of the nucleolin protein for functionalized nanoparticles could be a general
strategy for nuclear-targeted drug delivery.”

The nanoparticle is simple and cleverly designed. It is made
of gold and shaped much like a star, with five to 10 points. (A nanostar is
approximately 25 nanometers wide.) The large surface area allows the
researchers to load a high concentration of drug molecules onto the nanostar.
Less drug would be needed than current therapeutic approaches using free molecules
because the drug is stabilized on the surface of the nanoparticle.

The drug used in the study is a single-stranded DNA aptamer
called AS1411. Approximately 1,000 of these strands are attached to each
nanostar’s surface.

The DNA aptamer serves two functions: it is attracted to and
binds to nucleolin, a protein overexpressed in cancer cells and found on the
cell surface (as well as within the cell). And when released from the nanostar,
the DNA aptamer also acts as the drug itself.

Bound to the nucleolin, the drug-loaded gold nanostars take
advantage of the protein’s role as a shuttle within the cell and hitchhike
their way to the cell nucleus. The researchers then direct ultrafast pulses of
light — similar to that used in LASIK surgery — at the cells. The pulsed
light cleaves the bond attachments between the gold surface and the thiolated
DNA aptamers, which then can enter the nucleus.

In addition to allowing a large amount of drug to be loaded,
the nanostar’s shape also helps concentrate the light at the points,
facilitating drug release in those areas. Drug release from nanoparticles is a
difficult problem, Odom said, but with the gold nanostars the release occurs
easily.

That the gold nanostar can deliver the drug without needing
to pass through the nuclear membrane means the nanoparticle is not required to
be a certain size, offering design flexibility. Also, the nanostars are made
using a biocompatible synthesis, which is unusual for nanoparticles.

Odom envisions the drug-delivery method, once optimized,
could be particularly useful in cases where tumors are fairly close to the
skin’s surface, such as skin and some breast cancers. (The light source would
be external to the body.) Surgeons removing cancerous tumors also might find
the gold nanostars useful for eradicating any stray cancer cells in surrounding
tissue.