A microscopic garnet crystal was the key to unlocking the torque-mixing magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique. A focused gallium ion beam sculpted the single-crystal, one micrometer diameter yttrium iron garnet disk from within a much larger starting piece of the magnetic gemstone. The image is an angled-perspective scanning electron micrograph, showing the microdisk before it was placed on the nanomechanical sensor with which precise mechanical torque signatures of magnetic resonance were observed. (Credit: D. Vick and F. Fani Sani National Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Alberta)
A garnet crystal only one micrometer in diameter was instrumental in a University of Alberta team of physicists creating a route to “lab-on-a-chip” technology for magnetic resonance, a tool to simplify advanced magnetic analysis for device development and interdisciplinary science.
“To most, a gem so tiny would be worthless, but to us, it’s priceless,” says Mark Freeman, University of Alberta physics professor and Canada Research Chair in condensed matter physics. “It was the perfect testbed for this new method.”
In the new method of measuring magnetic resonance, published in the November 13, 2015 issue of the journal Science, the signal is a mechanical twisting motion, detected with light. The new approach is more naturally suited to miniaturization than the current method, which creates an electrical signal by induction. In fact, the entire magnetic sensor unit created with the new technology can fit on a chip as small as one square centimeter.
“Our discovery makes the case that magnetic resonance is in essence both a mechanical and magnetic phenomenon on account of magnetic dipoles possessing angular momentum,” says Freeman, noting that the concept of magnetism makes more sense when you consider its mechanical properties. “Magnetism needs better spin doctors than it has had. Everything in the world is magnetic on some level, so the possibilities for scientific applications of this new technique are endless.”
Mark Freeman (seated) is with team members from the University of Alberta and the National Institute for Nanotechnology. (Credit: John Ulan for the University of Alberta)
The discovery opens up a world of possible miniaturized platforms for health care, technology, energy, environmental monitoring, and space exploration. Explains Freeman, “There are immediate applications in physics, Earth sciences, and engineering, but we have only looked at electron spin resonance. Proton spin resonance is the next big step that will open up applications in chemistry and biology.”
To foster the development of these applications, Freeman’s team plans to openly share the information about how to execute this technique, feeding the current maker movement. It was important to the team not to patent this discovery–as is often the pressure for scientists conducting these types of discoveries–but instead to publish their findings in a scientific journal to provide open-source access that will advance the field. “Ultimately, the way science makes progress is through people sharing discoveries,” says Freeman, adding that he hopes others will adapt the technology for their own needs.
Freeman, who worked for IBM before coming to the University of Alberta, believes that chip-based miniaturizable mechanical devices–by virtue of their small scale and superior performance–will come to replace some electronic sensors in devices like smart phones and on space exploration probes. “It’s an elegant solution to a challenging problem, simple but not obvious,” says Freeman, who has been working on the experimental challenge solved in this paper for the past two decades. “Working in condensed matter physics is like having the best seat at an awe-inspiring parade of progress.”
